law

parol evidence rule

The parol evidence rule is a contract law principle stating that when parties have put their final agreement in writing, earlier or simultaneous oral statements cannot be used to change or contradict the written terms. The written document controls. Courts may still allow outside evidence to clarify an ambiguous term, show fraud or mistake, or prove a later modification. The rule encourages parties to include all terms in the written contract.

Exam tip
If a buyer claims "the seller verbally promised to leave the hot tub" but the contract is silent, the parol evidence rule generally favors the written contract.
Example
A seller orally agrees to repair the deck, but the signed contract says the property is sold as is. The buyer generally cannot enforce the oral promise.

Related terms & state variants

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Last verified: 2026-10-23